ABSTRACT
Several studies conducted all over the world have reported that the influenza virus is associated with great morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we analyzed the incidence of the influenza virus between 2000 and 2003 in Curitiba. We studied 1621 samples obtained from outpatients and hospitalized patients of both sexes and all ages. The study was conducted at the local primary care health units (outpatients) and at the tertiary care unit (hospitalized) of the General Hospital of the Federal University in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and, eventually, bronchoalveolar lavage were assayed for the presence of viral antigens, either by indirect immunofluorescence or cell culture. Of the samples studied, 135 (8.3 percent) were positive for influenza virus, and of those, 103 (76.3 percent) were positive for type A and 32 (23.7 percent) for type B. Additionally, positive samples were analyzed by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and subtypes H1 and H3 were identified from this group. A high incidence of positive samples was observed mainly in the months with lower temperatures. Furthermore, outpatients showed a higher incidence of influenza viruses than hospitalized patients.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Antigens, Viral/blood , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Alphainfluenzavirus/immunology , Betainfluenzavirus/immunology , Brazil/epidemiology , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/virology , Cell Culture Techniques , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Incidence , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/virology , Alphainfluenzavirus/genetics , Betainfluenzavirus/genetics , Nasal Lavage Fluid/virology , Population Surveillance , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , SeasonsABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: Avaliar prospectivamente a colonização bacteriana de pacientes com fibrose cística identificados por triagem neonatal. Avaliar a suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos e caracterizar molecularmente as cepas de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas da orofaringe dos pacientes no período do estudo. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 25 pacientes com fibrose cística, identificados por tripsina imunorreativa e com diagnóstico confirmado por duas ou mais provas de suor, atendidos regularmente no ambulatório de fibrose cística do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Foram coletadas amostras de orofaringe com swab e cultivadas por métodos rotineiros; as colônias bacterianas foram identificadas fenotipicamente e testadas quanto à suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos. Os isolados de S. aureus foram submetidos a tipagem molecular por eletroforese em campo pulsado. RESULTADOS: De um total de 234 amostras de orofaringe, S. aureus foi isolado em maior número (76 por cento dos pacientes, 42 por cento das amostras), seguido de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36 por cento dos pacientes, 16 por cento das amostras) e Haemophilus spp. (76 por cento dos pacientes; 19 por cento das amostras). Dos 19 pacientes colonizados com S. aureus, foram obtidos 73 isolados, 18 oxacilina-resistentes (24,6 por cento), isolados de dois pacientes, com perfis eletroforéticos idênticos ao do clone brasileiro. Os demais isolados oxacilina-sensíveis distribuíram-se entre 18 perfis eletroforéticos distintos. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se uma maior prevalência de S. aureus, com isolamento mais precoce em relação aos outros patógenos pesquisados. Os isolados multissensíveis distribuíram-se em clones distintos, caracterizando a não transmissibilidade entre as cepas comunitárias. Os S. aureus resistentes a oxacilina isolados apresentaram perfis eletroforéticos idênticos, provavelmente adquiridos no ambiente hospitalar. P. aeruginosa foi pouco freqüente na população estudada.
OBJECTIVES: To assess bacterial colonization prospectively in patients with cystic fibrosis identified by neonatal screening. To assess susceptibility to antimicrobials and to perform the molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the oropharynx of patients during the study. METHODS: Twenty-five cystic fibrosis patients receiving regular treatment at the Cystic Fibrosis Outpatient Clinic of Hospital de Clínicas of Universidade Federal do Paraná Brazil, were included in the study. All patients were identified by trypsin-like immunoreactivity and their diagnosis was confirmed by two or more sweat tests. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected and cultured according to routine methods; bacterial colonies were phenotypically identified and their susceptibility to antimicrobials was tested. S. aureus isolates were submitted to molecular typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Out of 234 oropharyngeal swabs, S. aureus was the most frequently isolated strain (76 percent of patients, 42 percent of swabs), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36 percent of patients, 16 percent of swabs) and Haemophilus spp. (76 percent of patients; 19 percent of swabs). Seventy-three isolates were obtained from 19 patients colonized with S. aureus, of which 18 were oxacillin-resistant (24.6 percent), isolated from two patients, with the same electrophoretic profiles as that of the Brazilian clone. The remaining oxacillin-sensitive isolates were distributed into 18 electrophoretic profiles. CONCLUSION: There was higher prevalence of S. aureus, with earlier isolation than other pathogens. Multi-sensitive isolates were distributed into different clones, characterizing non-transmissibility among community-acquired strains. The isolated oxacillin-resistant S. aureus showed identical electrophoretic profiles, probably acquired in hospital. P. aeruginosa was not so frequent in the studied population.